Acupuncture for Post-Surgery Pain Relief in the UK

Acupuncture for Post-Surgery Pain Relief in the UK

Deep Dive into Acupuncture for Effective Postoperative Pain Management by MCR Therapies, Renowned Expert in Acupuncture & Rehabilitation
Supporting individuals across the UK with acupuncture for over 19 years.
MCR Therapies offers comprehensive insights into how acupuncture effectively alleviates postoperative pain within the UK healthcare framework.

Uncover the Vital Importance of Acupuncture in the UK Healthcare Landscape

Diving Deep into Acupuncture: An Ancient Healing Art with Modern Applications

Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain: A serene acupuncture session showcasing needles on a patient's back, surrounded by symbols of traditional Chinese medicine.

Acupuncture represents a profound and revered practice that originated from traditional Chinese medicine. This technique involves the careful insertion of fine needles into specific regions of the body known as acupuncture points. The primary objective of this ancient method is to alleviate pain, improve overall health, and restore the body’s natural balance. In recent years, the practice of acupuncture has gained considerable traction within the UK healthcare system, as it is increasingly acknowledged as an effective complementary approach to traditional medical treatments. Many individuals turn to acupuncture to ease chronic ailments, particularly postoperative pain, which can be severe and challenging to manage using standard medical practices alone. By adopting a holistic perspective, acupuncture not only addresses the physical symptoms but also takes into account the emotional aspects of recovery, which are essential for achieving optimal healing.

As healthcare professionals in the UK gradually come to appreciate the extensive benefits of acupuncture, its inclusion in various treatment protocols, especially for pain management, is becoming increasingly common. This trend highlights the growing acceptance of alternative therapies within the established healthcare system, emphasizing the importance of patient-centred care in contemporary medicine. Consequently, acupuncture is positioning itself as a crucial component of postoperative care, offering patients a non-pharmacological pathway to enhance their recovery process. The rising use of acupuncture in the UK is a testament to its effectiveness and the expanding volume of research supporting its role in alleviating postoperative pain.

Tracking the Evolution of Acupuncture in the UK

Acupuncture has a rich and extensive history in the UK, with its roots extending over two centuries. Initially introduced by Chinese immigrants who brought their vibrant cultural practices, acupuncture sparked curiosity about traditional Chinese medicine. By the mid-20th century, the practice began to gain recognition within the British medical community as practitioners explored its therapeutic benefits. A significant turning point occurred in the 1970s when acupuncture received formal recognition in the UK, leading to increased research and acceptance among healthcare professionals.

As acupuncture continued to evolve, it garnered interest from both patients and practitioners seeking alternative solutions for various conditions, including postoperative pain. The growing body of evidence derived from clinical studies as well as patient experiences has cemented acupuncture’s role in modern healthcare, demonstrating its efficacy in pain relief and overall recovery. Today, acupuncture is not merely viewed as an adjunctive treatment; it is embraced as a fundamental part of a holistic healthcare strategy, particularly concerning postoperative recovery.

Understanding the Regulatory Framework Surrounding Acupuncture in the UK

In the UK, several authoritative organisations oversee the practice of acupuncture to ensure that practitioners comply with rigorous standards of care. The British Acupuncture Council (BAcC) serves as a prominent body dedicated to establishing professional guidelines and advocating for safe practices among acupuncturists. They provide a comprehensive framework for training and certification, ensuring that only qualified practitioners deliver acupuncture services. Moreover, the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) regulates a variety of health professions, including acupuncture, ensuring adherence to ethical and professional standards.

These regulatory organisations play a pivotal role in fostering trust and ensuring safety within the acupuncture profession. They outline guidelines for ethical conduct, ensuring practitioners obtain informed consent and maintain open communication with patients throughout their treatment journey. The existence of such regulatory frameworks enhances the credibility of acupuncture within the UK healthcare system, assuring patients that they are receiving safe and effective treatments for issues like postoperative pain. Consequently, patients can approach acupuncture with confidence, knowing they are cared for by qualified professionals dedicated to their health and recovery.

Examining the Integration of Acupuncture into the UK’s Healthcare Framework

A diverse group of patients receiving acupuncture in a tranquil UK hospital environment, part of NHS pain management initiatives.

The incorporation of acupuncture into the UK healthcare system has been a gradual yet significant development. Both the NHS and private healthcare sectors are increasingly adopting acupuncture as part of their pain management strategies, especially for postoperative care. This shift reflects a growing awareness of acupuncture’s ability to improve patient outcomes and shorten recovery times. Numerous NHS trusts are now including acupuncture in their pain management programmes, allowing patients to access this invaluable service without incurring additional expenses.

As hospitals and clinics begin to provide acupuncture services, patients are becoming more receptive to this holistic approach to pain relief. Patient feedback frequently indicates high satisfaction levels, with many attributing their improved recovery experiences to the inclusion of acupuncture within their postoperative care plans. This acceptance is further supported by various studies demonstrating the effectiveness of acupuncture in alleviating pain and discomfort following surgical procedures, establishing it as a highly regarded option for both patients and healthcare providers. The ongoing integration of acupuncture into mainstream healthcare signifies a shift towards more comprehensive and holistic patient care in the UK.

Understanding How Acupuncture Alleviates Postoperative Pain Effectively

Investigating the Physiological Mechanisms Behind Pain Relief Through Acupuncture

Acupuncture alleviates postoperative pain through a variety of physiological mechanisms. The insertion of needles into specific acupuncture points stimulates the nervous system, prompting the release of endogenous opioids and other natural analgesics within the body. This biochemical response not only reduces pain but also promotes a feeling of relaxation and well-being, both essential for effective recovery. The stimulation provided by acupuncture needles can also adjust pain signals at both the spinal cord and brain levels, effectively altering the perception of pain.

Additionally, acupuncture proves especially effective in diminishing inflammation, a common source of postoperative discomfort. By enhancing local blood circulation and encouraging tissue healing, acupuncture aids in hastening the recovery process. This dual action of pain relief and inflammation reduction renders acupuncture an attractive option for patients recuperating from surgery, as it addresses immediate pain and the underlying contributors to discomfort. Within the UK healthcare framework, these mechanisms are increasingly recognised as crucial components of comprehensive strategies for managing postoperative pain, ultimately enhancing overall patient outcomes.

Presenting Clinical Evidence Supporting Acupuncture’s Efficacy in the UK

A peaceful UK hospital room with diverse post-surgery patients receiving acupuncture, surrounded by clinical evidence of its effectiveness.

A robust body of clinical studies conducted within UK hospitals has yielded compelling evidence endorsing the efficacy of acupuncture in alleviating postoperative pain. Research findings indicate that patients receiving acupuncture post-surgery frequently report significantly lower pain levels compared to those who do not undergo this treatment. These outcomes underscore acupuncture’s capacity to reduce reliance on conventional pain medications, which often come with undesirable side effects and extended recovery times.

One remarkable study focused on patients undergoing elective surgeries, revealing that those managed with acupuncture reported a significant decrease in pain scores and a faster return to their baseline activities. Such results have prompted healthcare professionals to view acupuncture as a vital adjunct to traditional pain management protocols. As the body of research continues to grow, the integration of acupuncture into postoperative care plans is increasingly perceived not only as a patient preference but also as a practice rooted in clinical evidence, ensuring that patients receive the highest standard of care tailored to their individual needs.

What Do Patients Experience with Acupuncture in UK Hospitals?

Patient experiences regarding acupuncture for postoperative pain management in UK hospitals have been overwhelmingly positive. Numerous individuals report a significant reduction in pain and an enhanced sense of well-being following treatment. This anecdotal evidence complements clinical studies, providing a comprehensive perspective on the benefits of acupuncture in the postoperative context. Patients often express gratitude for the holistic nature of acupuncture, which addresses both physical discomfort and the emotional hurdles associated with recovery.

In many cases, patients have shared testimonials detailing their experiences, highlighting the immediate relief they felt during and after acupuncture sessions. Many have noted that acupuncture not only alleviated their pain but also fostered a more relaxed state, making the recovery process feel less overwhelming. The emotional support provided by acupuncture, often described as calming and reassuring, further enhances its appeal. Such testimonials underscore the increasing acceptance of acupuncture as a legitimate and effective treatment option within the UK healthcare framework.

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Postoperative Care

Acupuncture represents a cost-effective alternative for managing postoperative pain, particularly within the context of the UK’s healthcare system, which increasingly prioritises minimising overall healthcare costs. By decreasing reliance on costly pain medications, acupuncture can help lower healthcare expenditures while ensuring effective pain management for patients. As the NHS grapples with budget constraints and the rising costs of pharmaceuticals, incorporating acupuncture into postoperative care can alleviate some financial pressures associated with traditional pain management strategies.

Moreover, the improved recovery times associated with acupuncture lead to shorter hospital stays, contributing to additional cost savings. Patients who benefit from acupuncture typically experience fewer complications and reduced instances of side effects linked to pain medications, which can also result in decreased hospitalisation expenses. As healthcare providers continuously seek innovative ways to optimise patient care while managing resources effectively, acupuncture emerges as a practical solution that aligns with both patient satisfaction and economic efficiency within the UK healthcare system.

Insights from Experts on Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Management

Advisory Guidelines from Healthcare Professionals for Optimal Acupuncture Treatment

Healthcare professionals in the UK are progressively endorsing the integration of acupuncture into postoperative care plans, recognising its potential to enhance recovery and improve patient outcomes. Based on clinical insights and emerging evidence, experts recommend the following key strategies for healthcare providers considering acupuncture in managing postoperative pain:

  • Conduct thorough assessments of patients to determine their suitability for acupuncture.
  • Incorporate acupuncture as part of multidisciplinary pain management strategies.
  • Educate patients about the benefits and expected outcomes of acupuncture treatment.
  • Collaborate with certified acupuncturists to ensure safe practice and effective treatment plans.
  • Monitor patient progress and adjust treatment protocols based on individual responses.
  • Encourage open communication between patients and healthcare providers regarding their experiences with acupuncture.
  • Collect and analyse patient feedback to continuously enhance acupuncture offerings.
  • Support ongoing research to validate and refine acupuncture practices within postoperative care.

Implementing these recommendations can significantly boost the efficacy of postoperative care and promote a more holistic approach to pain management. By fostering collaboration between medical professionals and acupuncturists, the healthcare system can provide patients with more comprehensive support throughout their recovery journey, ultimately leading to better outcomes.

What Best Practices Should Be Followed in Acupuncture?

To maximise the benefits of acupuncture for postoperative pain, practitioners in the UK should adhere to several best practices. These strategies ensure the delivery of safe and effective acupuncture treatments while fostering positive experiences for patients. Key best practices include:

  • Conduct thorough patient assessments prior to initiating treatment.
  • Obtain informed consent, clearly explaining the procedure and its potential benefits.
  • Utilise sterile, single-use needles to maintain safety and hygiene standards.
  • Personalise treatment plans based on individual patient needs and pain profiles.
  • Implement ongoing evaluation and monitoring to assess the effectiveness of treatment.
  • Incorporate patient feedback to refine techniques and approaches.
  • Stay updated with the latest research and advancements in acupuncture practices.
  • Engage in professional development opportunities to enhance skills and knowledge.

By adhering to these best practices, acupuncturists can ensure that their treatments are both safe and effective, leading to improved patient outcomes and heightened satisfaction. A commitment to continuous improvement and adherence to high care standards bolsters the credibility of acupuncture as a legitimate treatment modality within the UK healthcare system.

Highlighting Case Studies from UK Hospitals Demonstrating Acupuncture’s Effectiveness

Numerous case studies from UK hospitals emphasise the effectiveness of acupuncture in alleviating postoperative pain and enhancing patient outcomes. In one significant instance, a group of patients undergoing knee replacement surgery received acupuncture as part of their postoperative care. The results indicated that participants receiving acupuncture reported a considerable decrease in pain levels compared to the control group. This cohort not only experienced less intense pain but also required fewer pain medications, leading to a smoother and quicker recovery.

Another case study focused on patients recovering from abdominal surgery. In this scenario, acupuncture was introduced to alleviate complications associated with postoperative pain management. The outcomes demonstrated a marked improvement in pain levels and overall recovery, with patients expressing high satisfaction with their treatment. Such case studies validate acupuncture’s role as a valuable addition to postoperative care in UK hospitals, showcasing its effectiveness in enhancing patient outcomes and promoting comprehensive recovery approaches.

What Do Patients Say About Acupuncture Following Surgery?

Patient testimonials regarding acupuncture for postoperative pain management in UK healthcare settings reveal numerous positive experiences. Many patients have shared personal stories illustrating how acupuncture alleviated their pain and anxiety after surgery. These narratives often highlight the immediate relief felt during acupuncture sessions, with patients describing the treatment as calming and reassuring.

For instance, one patient who underwent hip surgery remarked that acupuncture not only diminished his pain levels but also enhanced his overall well-being, allowing him to engage more fully in his rehabilitation efforts. Another patient recovering from a mastectomy reported significant relief from discomfort following acupuncture sessions, contributing to a more positive recovery experience. These testimonials serve to illustrate the profound impact of acupuncture on patients’ postoperative journeys, reinforcing its value as a complementary treatment option within the UK healthcare system.

What Do Research Findings Indicate About Acupuncture’s Role in Pain Management?

Recent studies conducted by UK institutions have provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of acupuncture in managing postoperative pain. Research consistently shows that acupuncture can lead to significant reductions in pain levels, enabling patients to rely less on traditional pain medications. For example, a study conducted at a major London hospital found that patients receiving acupuncture as part of their recovery plan experienced notable improvements in pain management and overall satisfaction.

Additionally, the research highlighted that acupuncture could help alleviate some side effects associated with conventional pain treatments, such as nausea and fatigue. Consequently, patients reported not only lower pain levels but also a more comfortable recovery experience. These findings underscore the growing recognition of acupuncture as a viable option within the broader context of pain management in UK healthcare, encouraging its further integration into standard postoperative care protocols.

Recognising the Benefits of Acupuncture in Postoperative Pain Management

Significantly Reducing Medication Dependency Through Acupuncture

One of the most compelling advantages of acupuncture for postoperative pain management is its ability to substantially decrease the need for medication. Following surgery, patients often find themselves reliant on opioids and other pain relief medications, which can lead to various adverse side effects, including nausea, constipation, and dependency. By incorporating acupuncture into postoperative care, patients can achieve significant pain relief without the associated risks linked to pharmaceutical treatments.

In the UK, where concerns about opioid prescriptions and the risk of addiction are rising, acupuncture serves as a valuable alternative. By effectively managing pain through non-pharmacological means, acupuncture mitigates the risks associated with medication while improving the overall recovery experience. This approach aligns with the NHS’s commitment to promoting safer prescribing practices and optimising patient care, making acupuncture an increasingly relevant option for individuals recovering from surgery.

How Quickly Can Patients Expect Acupuncture to Take Effect?

The effects of acupuncture for postoperative pain can often be felt immediately after treatment, with many patients reporting a noticeable reduction in pain levels right after their session. However, the comprehensive benefits of acupuncture typically manifest over several treatments. Many patients in the UK find that within just a few sessions, they experience significant improvements in pain management, allowing them to engage more actively in their recovery process.

This prompt response is particularly beneficial in the context of UK healthcare, where timely recovery is paramount. Patients seeking quicker pain relief and a smoother transition back to their daily routines often appreciate the immediate and cumulative benefits of acupuncture. By effectively addressing pain promptly, acupuncture not only enhances patient satisfaction but also contributes to more efficient recovery times, making it a compelling addition to postoperative care protocols.

Facilitating Faster Patient Recovery Times with Acupuncture

Patients in the UK who receive acupuncture as part of their postoperative care frequently report shorter recovery times and an expedited return to their regular activities. By effectively managing pain and addressing discomfort, acupuncture empowers patients to engage more fully in their rehabilitation, leading to quicker recoveries. Research indicates that patients undergoing acupuncture often resume their daily routines sooner than those who rely solely on traditional pain management methods.

The holistic nature of acupuncture supports not only physical healing but also promotes emotional well-being, both of which are crucial for recovery. Patients who experience reduced pain and anxiety are more likely to participate in physical activities that contribute to their healing, such as mobilising and exercising. This interconnected approach to recovery underscores the importance of incorporating acupuncture into standard postoperative care, as it not only accelerates recovery but also enhances patients’ overall quality of life during the healing process.

Enhancing Patient Satisfaction Rates Through Acupuncture

Acupuncture is increasingly recognised as a valuable option for postoperative pain management in the UK, often resulting in higher patient satisfaction rates. Patients appreciate the holistic approach that acupuncture offers, addressing both physical pain and the emotional distress associated with surgery. Feedback from patients indicates that many find acupuncture sessions to be calming and supportive, significantly enhancing their overall recovery experience.

Moreover, the reduced reliance on medication contributes to a more favourable perception of the recovery process. Patients frequently express appreciation for the opportunity to explore non-pharmacological options for pain management, aligning with their preferences for comprehensive and tailored care. As the healthcare system increasingly emphasises patient-centred approaches, acupuncture stands out as a valuable tool for improving patient satisfaction and fostering holistic recovery practices.

Strategic Approaches for Integrating Acupuncture in Postoperative Pain Management

Identifying the Most Effective Acupuncture Points for Pain Relief

Certain acupuncture points are recognised as particularly effective for alleviating postoperative pain, especially within the UK context. Points such as LI4 (Hegu) and SP6 (Sanyinjiao) are frequently utilised due to their ability to target specific pain pathways and promote overall healing. Practitioners often find that stimulating these points can lead to significant pain relief for patients recovering from various surgical procedures.

To effectively identify these acupuncture points, practitioners should follow these actionable steps:

  • Conduct a thorough assessment of the patient’s condition and pain profile.
  • Locate LI4, positioned between the thumb and index finger, recognised for its analgesic effects.
  • Identify SP6, situated just above the ankle, effective for promoting relaxation and pain relief.
  • Incorporate additional points based on individual patient requirements, such as PC6 (Neiguan) for alleviating nausea.
  • Utilise a combination of points to create a tailored treatment plan for each patient.
  • Monitor patient responses to determine the most effective points for subsequent sessions.
  • Educate patients about the selected points and their benefits to enhance their engagement in the process.
  • Encourage feedback from patients to refine treatment approaches and point selections.

By focusing on these effective acupuncture points, practitioners can optimise treatment outcomes and improve the overall recovery experience for patients.

Strategies for Integrating Acupuncture into Postoperative Care Plans

Integrating acupuncture into postoperative care plans requires a collaborative approach between healthcare providers and acupuncturists. In the UK, this integration can be achieved through several strategic recommendations. Firstly, healthcare professionals should recognise the value of acupuncture and advocate for its inclusion in pain management protocols. This could involve making direct referrals to qualified acupuncturists or incorporating acupuncture into existing multidisciplinary pain management teams.

Another critical aspect is educating patients about the benefits of acupuncture and its role in postoperative recovery. By providing patients with information on how acupuncture can alleviate pain and enhance well-being, healthcare providers can foster greater acceptance and interest in this treatment modality. Regular communication between acupuncturists and surgical teams is also essential to ensure that treatment plans are coordinated and adjustments can be made based on patient progress.

Finally, ongoing assessment and evaluation of acupuncture’s effectiveness in individual cases can help refine integration strategies and demonstrate the value of acupuncture in enhancing patient recovery. By committing to collaboration and education, acupuncture can seamlessly become an integral component of comprehensive postoperative care in the UK.

Training and Certification Requirements for Practitioners in the UK

In the UK, acupuncturists must undergo rigorous training and certification to ensure they possess the necessary skills to safely and effectively treat postoperative pain. This training typically combines traditional acupuncture education with contemporary medical knowledge, equipping practitioners with a thorough understanding of anatomy, physiology, and pain management strategies. The BAcC and other regulatory bodies provide guidelines and standards for training, ensuring that practitioners possess the requisite expertise to deliver high-quality care.

Continuing professional development is also crucial for acupuncturists in the UK, allowing them to stay updated with the latest research and advancements in acupuncture practices. This ongoing education enhances practitioners’ abilities to adapt their techniques and approaches to meet the evolving needs of patients. By prioritising training and certification, the acupuncture profession in the UK reinforces its commitment to safety and efficacy, ensuring that patients receive the highest standard of care for postoperative pain management.

How to Access Acupuncture Services in the UK

Exploring Available Acupuncture Options in NHS and Private Sectors

Acupuncture is accessible through both the NHS and private healthcare sectors in the UK, offering patients various options for managing postoperative pain. While the availability of acupuncture services may vary across regions, many NHS trusts are increasingly incorporating acupuncture into their pain management programmes. This integration reflects a growing acknowledgment of acupuncture’s benefits, allowing patients to receive this treatment without incurring additional costs.

In the private sector, a wide array of acupuncture services is available, providing patients with greater flexibility regarding scheduling and treatment options. Many private practitioners specialise in acupuncture for pain management, ensuring that patients receive customised treatment plans tailored to their specific needs. This dual availability of acupuncture services in both NHS and private settings enhances accessibility for patients, facilitating a more holistic approach to postoperative care.

Pathways for Patients to Access Acupuncture Services in the UK

Patients in the UK can access acupuncture services through multiple pathways, depending on their individual circumstances and preferences. One common method is obtaining a referral from their GP, who may recommend acupuncture as part of a comprehensive pain management strategy. Some NHS trusts have initiated offering acupuncture directly within their pain management programmes, enabling patients to access treatment as part of their postoperative care.

Additionally, patients can seek acupuncture services directly from private practitioners. Many acupuncturists promote their services online, making it easier for patients to find qualified professionals in their vicinity. In this scenario, patients should verify the practitioner’s credentials and ensure they are registered with relevant regulatory bodies, such as the BAcC. By exploring these options, patients can easily access acupuncture services, embracing this effective approach for managing postoperative pain.

Evaluating Regional Differences in Access to Acupuncture Services

The availability of acupuncture services for postoperative pain management varies significantly across different regions of the UK. Urban areas generally offer more extensive acupuncture services, with numerous practitioners and clinics available to cater to patient needs. Conversely, rural regions may experience limited access to acupuncture, often necessitating patients to seek treatment in larger towns or cities.

As the demand for acupuncture grows, there is an increasing push for equitable access to these services, irrespective of geographical location. Some NHS trusts in remote areas are beginning to integrate acupuncture into their pain management programs, acknowledging its value in enhancing patient care. However, disparities still exist, and patients residing in less populated areas may encounter challenges in locating qualified acupuncturists. Efforts are underway to address these regional variations and ensure that all patients have access to effective and holistic pain management options.

Common Questions About Acupuncture Answered

What is acupuncture?

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain and enhance health. It is increasingly recognised as a complementary treatment within the UK healthcare system.

How does acupuncture help with postoperative pain?

Acupuncture alleviates postoperative pain by stimulating the nervous system, releasing natural pain-relieving chemicals like endogenous opioids, and reducing inflammation. This holistic approach addresses both physical pain and emotional distress during recovery.

Are there clinical studies that support the effectiveness of acupuncture?

Yes, numerous clinical studies conducted in the UK have demonstrated that acupuncture can significantly reduce postoperative pain levels, leading to lower medication requirements and enhanced recovery experiences for patients.

What do patients think of acupuncture in UK hospitals?

Patient testimonials reveal high satisfaction rates with acupuncture for postoperative pain management, often citing reduced pain levels and an improved sense of well-being following treatment.

Is acupuncture cost-effective for postoperative care?

Acupuncture can be a cost-effective option for managing postoperative pain, as it reduces reliance on expensive pain medications and shortens hospital stays, ultimately benefiting both patients and the healthcare system.

What are experts recommending for acupuncture treatment?

Experts recommend including acupuncture in postoperative care plans, conducting thorough assessments, and collaborating with qualified practitioners to optimise pain management strategies for patients.

How long does it take for acupuncture to work?

Many patients experience immediate relief from acupuncture treatment, with full benefits typically seen within a few sessions. This rapid response is highly valued in UK healthcare settings, particularly in postoperative care.

What are the most effective acupuncture points for pain relief?

Key acupuncture points for postoperative pain relief include LI4 (Hegu) and SP6 (Sanyinjiao), which are commonly used to target specific pain pathways and promote overall healing in patients.

How can patients access acupuncture services?

Patients can access acupuncture services through referrals from their GPs, directly from private practitioners, or through NHS trusts that offer acupuncture as part of their pain management programmes.

Is there a difference in the availability of acupuncture across the UK?

Yes, the availability of acupuncture services for postoperative pain management varies across regions, with urban areas typically providing more comprehensive options compared to rural locations, where access may be limited.

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The Article: Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain: UK Relief Strategies appeared first on https://mtherapies.co.uk

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Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain Relief in the UK

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